Biology Answers

Describe a distinctive feature of the annelids and give an example of an organism that shows this feature?

Nematodes have a distinctive difference from the flat worms. Describe the differences between the flat worms and the round worms?

Define the follow term: Sessile

Define the follow term: Polyp

Define the following terms: Collar cell and Specula?

Aquatic and terrestrial stages are found in the Monotremes? is this true or false? If false why?

Your boss has done a little reading about microorganisms, but he finds it all pretty complicated. “It’s like a foreign language!” he complains. “I have to face the press to explain our idea that microbes might be responsible for all the damage to ELVIS. I think that it will help my press conference

presentation a lot if I can use some visual aids. What I want to do is explain to my audience what

bacteria look like. You know... the functional architecture of bacteria and how they might be able to

degrade polyurethane. I think that eukaryotes might be too complicated for this audience, so I just

want to show them what Gram-negative bacteria look like in a schematic diagram. I’ve put together

this diagram of a typical Gram-negative cell. Take a look at it and make any corrections you think

are necessary. Notice that I not only labeled the features, I also indicated the major biochemical

composition and function(s) of each main feature. Oh yeah ... this fi gure will probably make it into

lots of newspapers, magazines, and web sites, so it needs to be scientifi cally correct. We wouldn’t want

to make DuPunt look stupid, would we? I’ve already done most of the work. Just proofread it and

make any necessary corrections.”

in humans, the left chin trait is dominant to the smooth chin trait. a man who is heterozygous for cleft chin and a woman who has smooth chin decide to have chldren. what fraction of their children are predicted to have a smooth chi.

(a) BLAST

What is the impact on

• the speed of the heuristic

• the number of false negatives

• the number of false positives

of the following changes in BLAST parameters:-

(i) increase/decrease in w; where w is the length of words

(ii) increase/decrease T; where T is the least score to find list of words corresponding to each word from query sequence when scored using a pair-score matrix.

(iii) increase/decrease in S; where S is the threshold score after extension of alignment

(b) The higher the level of accuracy required in DNA sequences, more time consuming the process of database formation is. What is done to reduce this time? Does this bring in errors? Mention how accuracy is then improved.

(a) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of progressive alignment, and high dimensional dynamic programming.

(b) Give an example of dynamic programming in bioinformatics other than sequence alignment. Explain how dynamic programming is applied and why it helps in your example.