Biology Answers

Mixtures can be homogeneous and heterogeneous,,explain with examples different method used to separate the mixtures

n humans, colour blindness is due to an “X” linked recessive trait we shall represent with the symbols Xn. Females that carry a hidden recessive gene for colour blindness in the heterozygous condition are called “CARRIERS”

Show two different crosses that would result in possible colorblind daughters.

When you are analyzing your PCR via gel electrophoresis, which of the following describes what you should see on your gel?

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A band in the negative control lane and no band in the positive control lane

No band in the negative control lane and a band in the positive control lane

No band in the negative control lane and no band in the positive control lane

A band in the negative control lane and a band in the positive control lane

1.     Explain what the term “nondisjunction” means and provide the names of two diseases caused by nondisjunction. (2 marks)

Nondisjunction is best defined as when the chromosomes fail to separate during division. The names of the two diseases that is caused by nondisjunction is Trysomy X and Klinefelter syndrome. Trysomy X, is when a person has 3 X chromosomes and Klinefelter syndrome is when a person has 2 X chromosomes and a Y. 

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1.     Why is a reduction in chromosome number required for meiosis? (2 marks)

A reduction in chromosome number required for meiosis because meiosis creates cells that are destined to become gametes or reproductive cells, this reduction in chromosome number is critical without it, the union of two gametes during fertilization would result in offspring with twice the normal number of chromosomes.

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1.     Describe the process of protein synthesis. You answer must include the two major steps, all major enzymes and molecules involved, where each step occurs in the cell and a summary of what happens in each step. (4 marks)

 There are two processes that occur during protein synthesis, transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is used as a template to make the messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. However, translation occurs when the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is read and is used to make a protein. There are three steps in translation: initiation, elongation and termination. Initiation: the mRNA and the tRNA bind to the ribosome. Elongation: are amino acids that are added on one at time to the growing protein chain. The tRNA associates the anticodon to the codon of the mRNA and transports each time the correspondent amino acid, the peptidyl transferase forms the peptide bonds between amino acids.

Termination: is when there is a stop codon (UGA, UAG and UAA) the tRNA recognizes it, and it released and the translation ends.

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Evaluate the effectiveness of screening the blood products for one transmissible disease by considering the safety of the products used in blood transfusions and the screening procedures used.

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In carbohydrate biochemistry,

 A. lactose is a monosaccharide. 

B. sucrose is a disaccharide. 

C. starch contains α1-4 glycosidic links.

 D. glycogen contains α1-4 glycosidic links.

 E. cellulose contains α1-4 glycosidic links.

• Skin tone depends on 3 factors:
• _______________ of melanin → Pheomelanin is ____________________ (lighter) while eumelanin is ______________ or _____________ (darker)
• _______________ of melanin produced by melanocytes → more ______________ = darker

__________ of melanosomes present → more _______________ to hold more melanin

If the total magnification of a microscope is 300X and the high power lens is 60X, calculate the power of the ocular lens. (you have to re-arrange the magnification formula to figure this out)