Biology Answers

why when studying meiosis would it be easiest or best to study male gametogenesis rather than female?

State evidence why Archaeopteryx was considered as an evolutionary link between Reptiles and Birds.  

Lamarck hypothesized that evolution moves species toward perfection. According to Darwin’s theory, why is this statement incorrect?

Calculate if your data differ significantly from the null hypothesis that neither individual is favoured, i.e. counts should be close to 50:50.

• Use χ2 tests; degrees of freedom are the (number of classes – 1) = 1. The critical values for 2 χ1 = 3.841459 for P = 0.05, 2 χ1 = 6.634897 for P = 0.01, and 2 χ1 = 10.82757 for P = 0.001. Remember to use counts, not percentages in the test.

• For multiple tests (say n) one should adjust the p-value where you are happy to reject the null hypothesis to (p-vale)/n.

• Remember that χ2 is the sum of at least two values.

• In each case state your P-value and exactly what the P-value you obtain means in terms of the null hypothesis. If the probability is smaller than 0.05 and also smaller than 0.01, then we say p < 0.01 as this indicates a stronger rejection of the null hypothesis.

When expressed, a new allele causes its carrier to give a recipient 0.4 units of benefit at a cost of 0.3 units. Calculate if this allele will increase in frequency if:

a) It is autosomal and both parents are recipients (unless stated otherwise, you can assume it is not imprinted).

b) It is in a haplodiploid species, the actor is a female and the recipient is her brother.

c) It is on the mitochondrial genome, expressed in males and sisters are recipients.

Calculate the relatedness of a boy-child to a) his biological mother, b) stepfather, and c) full sister for i) a regular autosomal locus, and ii) for if he was a haplodiploid. Drawing the mother etc.’s genotypes and the gametes, indicate identity and non-identity with different colour lines, count ibd fractions and take a ratio to obtain the relatedness. Where the kin-value is important, calculate that too (20)

If each mole of ATP yields 7.3 kcal of energy upon hydrolysis, how many kilocalories of

energy would you get from 1 g of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶3𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 entering the citric acid cycle? Use 59 g/mol

as the molecular weight of acetate.

Is ATP directly produced during any step of the citric acid cycle? Explain.

Which substrate in the citric acid cycle is oxidized by FAD? What is the oxidation

product?

How much ATP is needed for normal daily activity in humans? (2 points)

4. What end product is the energy of foods converted in the catabolic pathways?