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1)    Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a metabolic defect caused by the lack of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). This disease is the result of an X-linked, recessive mutation and results in mental retardation, selfmutilation and early death. A normal man marries a woman who had a brother who died of LNS. Your are the genetic counselor who will advise them on the likelihood of their having a LNS baby.

a)     What are the possible genotypes for the woman? What is the man’s genotype?

b)    For each of the woman’s possible genotypes, what are the possible genotypes of her offspring and the implications for survival for each of them?



In humans, hemophilia (bleeder’s disease) is a recessive, X-linked trait. Use a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of offspring of a man who is a hemophiliac, and a normal, but heterozygous woman, where XH contains the normal clotting gene and Xh contains the gene for hemophilia.



1)    In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant over white fur. How could an animal breeder test whether a black guinea pig is homozygous or heterozygous?



A teenage boy asks his parents “Why do I look similar but slightly different from


my brother?” Using language a layperson would understand, how would you


explain to him about the key events that take place to create this genetic


variation? During what process do these occur and how do they happen? Write 500 words at least.

Proteins such as enzymes are essential for cellular function. But how do eukaryotic cells take the information contained in DNA and turn it into a protein? Describe the sequence of events that need to take place to make a fully functioning protein such as an enzyme? 


A teenage boy asks his parents “Why do I look similar but slightly different from my brother?” Using language a layperson would understand, how would you explain to him about the key events that take place to create this genetic variation? During what process do these occur and how do they happen?


What type of macromolecule class are cell receptors? What is the monomer?


The movement of sodium and potassium ions across the nerve cell membrane involves

Briefly explain why the shape of the kidney is bean like

R is the allele for red petals and r is the allele for blue petals which term describes the offspring of the cross represented by flower Z