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20. Gender differences play a role in criminality. In this regard, which one of the options below points to circumstances that lead females to act more aggressively than males?
1. Females in a female setting may feel more restricted than males to express anger and aggression.
2. Anonymity may prevent females from empathising with the victim, which may lead to aggressive behaviour.
3. Gender differences in aggression increase when the male victim is known to the female.
4. Females behave less aggressively than males when they have the means to do so and do not believe that their behaviour is justified.
21. The … level, also known as the principled level, is marked by a growing realisation that individuals are separate entities from society and that the individual’s own perspective may take precedence over society’s view.
1. conventional
2. pre-conventional
3. post-conventional
4. interim-conventional
18. When analysing the classification and measurement of crime, … is/are used for the classification of crime in South Africa and consists of … categories.
1. the official crime statistics; 43
2. crime trends; 45
3. crime patterns; 25
4. the code of crime list; 35
19. The first South African criminologists were trained in … and were influenced by Bonger who ascribed the causes of crime mainly to … and …
1. Europe; economic disparities; capitalism.
2. America; ethnic majorities; oppression.
3. Asia; lack of education; marginalisation.
4. Africa; poverty; unemployment.
15. According to the general theory of crime, poor self-control is a prominent factor associated with…
1. poor socialising practices.
2. hereditary factors.
3. poor child-rearing practices.
4. cognitive deficiencies
16. People have limited free will and although they can make choices about their behaviour, these choices are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This statement relates to:
1. Hard determinism
2. Soft determinism
3. Moral reasoning
4. Locus of control
17. There are various motivation theories which describe and explain human behaviour. Of these motivation theories, which one advocates that rewards and punishment serve to ensure that people act in a particular way?
1. Structure
2. Process
3. Instrumental
4. Content
14. Conklin (2013) identified four types of violent offenders. The culturally violent offenders consist of:
1. Offenders who commit crimes because of psychological abnormalities or mental illness and their crimes are often accompanied by sadism and violence. 2. Offenders without a history of prior offences, who have better school performance records compared to other types of violent offenders and who know their victims.
3. Offenders with limited social skills, opportunities and education are often linked to negative responses such as anger and frustrations towards the community. 4. Offenders who are generally better educated, who commit property-related and economic offences and in some cases, violent offences, in order to benefit financially from their offences.
13. The general theory of crime posits that common characteristics of crime include:
1. Easy and simple satisfaction of desires and needs, immediate gratification and excitement.
2. Delayed gratification and a lot of skill and planning with short-term advantages.
3. Pain and discomfort for perpetrators although crime provides them with immediate satisfaction.
4. Skilled planning and sophisticated acts with long-term advantages.
9. According to … feminism, the subordination of women is located in the capitalist exploitation of their domestic role, together with a dominant ideology where women are perceived as the primary care-givers within a domestic setting.
1. liberal
2. black
3. socialist
4. Marxist
10. To master the environment and maintain warm relationships, refers to a … need.
1. biological
2. social
3. psychological
4. materialistic
11. The …. of a theory is the essence and essential arguments that create the framework of a theory.
1. key premise
2. background
3. evaluation
4. predictability
12. Moral reasoning, the mind-set of offenders, self-control and impulsiveness are components of … associated with crime.
1. environmental influences
2. biological factors
3. social learning aspects
4. social cognition
4. The … theory predicts that male and female differences in delinquency are greater in the lower and working classes where patriarchal family systems are most common.
1. general theory of crime
2. power-control
3. rational choice
4. social learning
5. Mental and intellectual events such as beliefs, expectations, thoughts and a self-concept often guide and influence a person’s way of thinking. This statement refers to:
1. Internal events
2. Needs
3. Cognitions
4. Emotions
6. Which factors are linked to traits, such as low empathy or impulsiveness, that increase the probability of criminal behaviour?
1. Physical and biological
2. Biological and personal
3. Genetic and heredity
4. Individual and physical
7. Which emotion can result in a maladaptive coping reaction to experienced injustices and is known as an aggressive retaliation motive in criminal behaviour?
1. Jealousy
2. Revenge
3. Hopelessness
4. Helplessness
I need to hire an expert in business law to do an online exam. American law.
Case study: the second floor
•Johnny Perez is a night manager of Orbitz Hotel. It was reported in the ManCom meetings that theft in guestrooms was on the rise (mainly in second floor guestrooms). No other floors were affected.
•The CCTV cameras footages and Vingcard computer records showed not unusual or irregular entry in the involved guestrooms.
•After 12 midnight, the lights in the perimeter gardens (surrounded by lot of coconut trees) were dimmed but roving guards were always present. The profile of typical victims were foreign guests staying for 3-4 nights, all billeted in the second floor, and theft would occur on the eve of the checkout date.
•Discuss the modus operandi and the detection strategy employed.
In African customary law, intent is NOT imputed to
(1)a bewitched person.
(2) an uncircumcised person.
(3) intoxicated or drugged person.
(4) a child of stock herding age.
