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What is the biological significance of cell membranes in cells?


 During a triathlon, many individuals reach a point in which their muscles are in oxygen debt, a state characterized by low oxygen available for cellular respiration. Describe how the human body responds to this in order to gain energy? What are the implications?


In aqueous solution, almost all D-glucose molecules are in the pyranose form. Other aldoses have a greater proportion of molecules in the open-chain form. D-Glucose may have evolved to be the predominant hexose because it is less likely than its isomers to react with and damage cellular proteins. Explain why D-glucose reacts less than other aldoses with the amino groups of proteins.
In aqueous solution, almost all D-glucose molecules are in the pyranose form. Other aldoses have a greater proportion of molecules in the open-chain form. D-Glucose may have evolved to be the predominant hexose because it is less likely than its isomers to react with and damage cellular proteins. Explain why D-glucose reacts less than other aldoses with the amino groups of proteins.
In a procedure for testing blood glucose, a drop of blood is placed on a paper strip impregnated with the enzyme glucose oxidase and all the reagents necessary for the reaction.
The H2O2 produced causes a color change on the paper that indicates how much glucose is present. Since glucose oxidase is specific for the beta anomer of glucose and doesn’t act on alpha anomer, in spite of this specificity, the reaction is used in a clinical assay for measuring total blood glucose which consists of a mixture of beta D glucose and alpha D glucose. Explain how this assay is effective in measuring total blood glucose
Discuss the dose-response relationships in both clinical and Non-clinical context

since the beginning of the industrial revolution (250 years ago), carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has risen from about 280 parts per million to 408 parts per million in 2018. this means that for every million molecules in the atmosphere, 408 of them are now carbon dioxide, the highest concentration in two million years. the data below shows how global temperatures and atmosphere temperature and co2 levels. the data below shows how global temperatures and atmospheric co2 levels have changed from the year 100. use your knowledge of the carbon cycle to explain how human have affected global carbon dioxide levels and temperature levels. use the information and data provided to support your answer.


Steroids are recommended for treating the pain resulting from cobra bite. What is the basis of this treatment?


While cobra secretes good amounts of PLA2 as a weapon to kill its prey, most animals like humans do produce PLA2 in their cells. What is the purpose of synthesizing PLA2 in animals?

Cobra bite causes swelling and pain. A fatty acid cleaved off by PLA2 from cell

membranes is the culprit inducing synthesis of molecules that cause this pain and

inflammation. Comment on this fact.


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