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If each mole of ATP yields 7.3 kcal of energy upon hydrolysis, how many kilocalories of
energy would you get from 1 g of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶3𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 entering the citric acid cycle? Use 59 g/mol
as the molecular weight of acetate.
Is ATP directly produced during any step of the citric acid cycle? Explain.
Which substrate in the citric acid cycle is oxidized by FAD? What is the oxidation
product?
How much ATP is needed for normal daily activity in humans? (2 points)
4. What end product is the energy of foods converted in the catabolic pathways?
Show the hydrolysis of ADP to AMP. Include in the reaction the amount of energy
produced.
How many high-energy phosphate bonds are in the ATP molecule? Draw the ATP
molecule and from that identify the high-energy phosphate bonds.
1. Coral reefs are considered one of the most diverse ecosystems on earth. The coral skeletons provide habitat and protection to a variety of marine animals. Marine animals are not only associated with the reef but also with other animals living in coral reefs. This relationship further increases the complexity of the reef system, making it more resilient.
In your essay;
i. Discuss any three (3) mutualistic relationships which exist between marine animals in a coral reef ecosystem.
ii. Corals belong to phylum Cnidarians which exhibit Polymorphism. Discuss Polymorphism in Cnidarians.
iii. Discuss three (3) types of reef-building corals.
Explain what coral bleaching is and what causes it
1. From very simple animals like sponges to very complex animals like Vertebrates, the phylogeny tree shows the more characteristics /features an animal has, the more complex it becomes.
In your essay, use examples to explain the significance of the following features in the evolution of the Animal Kingdom.
i. Development of a coelom
ii. Bilateral symmetry and cephalization
iii. Segmentation
1. Chordates are the most advanced Phylum in the Animal Kingdom, including all vertebrates, animals with backbones, and several invertebrates. They possess a bilaterally symmetrical body and are deuterostomes.
In your essay;
i. Discuss five (5) distinguishing characteristics of Chordates.
ii. Differentiate between Urochordates and Cephalochordates.
iii. Briefly discuss the phylogeny of Vertebrates.
Roundworm called ascaris lumbricodes is found in
