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22. What are the shortcomings of grillage analysis which is commonly used in structural analysis of bridges?
What is the consideration in selecting the orientation of wing walls in the design of bridge abutments?
12. A new temperature scale in o E is proposed wherein the boiling and freezing temperatures of water are
1250 o E and 85 o E respectively. If a fluid system has a temperature of 525 o E, determine its temperature
in a) o C and b) o R.
11. A Fahrenheit and a Celsius thermometer are both immersed in a fluid. a) If the two numerical readings
are identical, what is the temperature of the fluid expressed in o K and o R. b) If the Fahrenheit
temperature is numerically twice that of the Celsius reading, what is the temperature of the fluid
expressed in o K and o R?
10. If a pump discharges 90 GPM of water whose specific weight is 61.5 lb f /ft 3 (g = 31.95 ft/s 2 ), find a) mass
flow rate (lb m /min), b) time to fill a spherical tank 8 ft in diameter.
8. A vertical composite fluid column whose upper end is open to the atmosphere is composed of 20
inches of mercury (S.G = 13.45), 30 inches of water (density = 62.4 lb m /ft 3 ) and 35 inches of oil (S.G =
0.825). Determine the absolute pressure in psia: a) at the base of the column, b) at the oil-water
interface, c) at the water-mercury interface.
6. A tank is in the form of a right circular cylinder with hemispherical ends. The overall length of the tank is
4 meters and the diameter of the hemisphere is 1 meter. If a pump discharges a fluid whose density is
1.2 kg m /Liter in this tank at a rate of225 liters per minute determine a.) Weight of liquid inside the tank if
it is half full. b) total time to fill the tank assuming it is initially empty.
5. A pilot notices that the barometric pressure outside his aircraft is 85 kPaa. The airport below the plane
reports a barometric pressure of 100 kPaa. If the average air density is 1.15 kg m /m 3 and the local gravity
is 9.75 m/s 2 , determine the height of the aircraft above the ground in meters.
4. What is the pressure (psia) at the base of a 8 ft liquid column with atmospheric pressure 755 mm Hg, if
the fluid is a) water, b) glycerin (SG = 1.25), c) Oil (SG = 0.750)
3. If the barometric pressure is 29.75 in Hg,convert (a) 27 psia to kPag, b) 24 in Hg vacuum to psia, c) 12
psia to mm Hg vacuum, d) 14 in Hg gage to kPaa.
