Answer to Question #153251 in Computer Networks for Sandra

Question

(i) Describe the following, stating an example where applicable in each case.

a)     Expert systems

b)    Geographical information systems

Answer 1

• An Expert System is an interactive and reliable computer-based decision-making system which uses both facts and heuristics to solve complex decision-making problem
• Key components of an Expert System are 1) User Interface, 2) Inference Engine, 3) Knowledge Base
• Key participants in Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems Development are 1) Domain Expert 2) Knowledge Engineer 3) End User
• Improved decision quality, reduce cost, consistency, reliability, speed are key benefits of an Expert System
• An Expert system can not give creative solutions and can be costly to maintain.
• An Expert System can be used for broad applications like Stock Market, Warehouse, HR, etc

Applications of Expert Systems

Some popular Application of Expert System:

• Information management
• Hospitals and medical facilities
• Help desks management
• Employee performance evaluation
• Loan analysis
• Virus detection
• Useful for repair and maintenance projects
• Warehouse optimization
• Planning and scheduling
• The configuration of manufactured objects
• Financial decision making Knowledge publishing
• Process monitoring and control
• Supervise the operation of the plant and controller
• Stock market trading
• Airline scheduling & cargo schedules

Examples of Expert Systems

Following are the Expert System Examples:

• MYCIN: It was based on backward chaining and could identify various bacteria that could cause acute infections. It could also recommend drugs based on the patient's weight. It is one of the best Expert System Example.
• DENDRAL: Expert system used for chemical analysis to predict molecular structure.
• PXDES: An Example of Expert System used to predict the degree and type of lung cancer
• CaDet: One of the best Expert System Example that can identify cancer at early stages

WHAT IS A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)? 

• An information system that is designed to v/ork with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working (analysis) with 

the data. 

• A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. 

• Automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data. 

• A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, and display of spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems. 

• An integrated package for the input, storage:, analysis, and output of spatial information, 

analysis being the most significant. 

• GIS are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data

Application

1)Engineeing Mapping

2)automated photogrammetry

3)land planning

4)tax mapping

5)highway mapping

6)utility mapping and management

7)Geodetic mapping

8)event mapping