According to Bivins (1995:5-16), the planning process consists of five (5) steps, identify and discuss five development processes of public relations with relevant examples.
1. Identifying an issue of a problem: this involves identifying a particular topic that leading a situation and develop a framework for dealing with it
2. Developing formative research topic: this step provides an opportunity to analyze a problem and developing a research framework that utilizes public relations efforts towards addressing it
3. Identify the target audiences: this involves categorizing the audiences based on public relations frameworks to convey information in line with the audience’s typical characteristics, for example, the psycho graphics, demographics, and age
4. Determine the goals and assessment framework: this step involves developing setting specific objectives in the context of the public and creating strategic efforts to evaluate their effectiveness
5. Select a suitable communication platform: this involves choosing the best communication approach to address all the target audiences and achieve the desired objectives. For example, online media or campaigns
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