Answer to Question #170229 in Mechanical Engineering for Yashwanth Kumar Reddy

Question

1. You are a design engineer working for a natural gas transmission company. You are assigned to a design team that is charged with preparing the proposal to the state Public Utility Commission to build a plant to receive liquefied natural gas from oceangoing tankers and unload it into your company’s gas transmission system. What technical issues and societal issues will your team have to deal with?

2. Brazil is rapidly developing into one of the world’s most dynamic economies. As a country it is blessed with great mineral resources, abundant unused farm land, and network of free flowing rivers. But, to achieve its potential, it will need a much expanded transportation network and considerably expanded electric generation capacity. Much of this expansion will occur in the undeveloped center of the country including the Amazon region. Define the major obstacles to large-scale development and suggest the best technologies to achieve it.

3. List three products that are made from a single component.

4. Differentiate the capabilities of CAD/CAM/CAE in a tabular format

5. Perform a literature search and/or a web search in the history of CAD/CAM

6. What is 2 ½ D model? Sketch some examples. Also please write when this method is preferred.

7. CAD/CAM is an interdisciplinary field. Many academic scientific journals are available. Now, could you make list of available journals, magazines and newsletters in CAD, CAM, CAE

8. Make a list of popular product ideas that could attract the Indian users

9. Starting from the need, write a note on the life cycle of a common product that you use regularly. (Omit the technical details that are beyond your comprehension)

10. List the different disciplines/branches of engineering the combined efforts of which result in the successful design and development of some commonly used products/services. Relate them to the components

11. What are all main hazards related to oil and gas industry?

12. What are the benefits of occupational safety and health management system?

Answer 1

Question 1

Using the refrigeration techniques, the natural gas is liquefied to the temperature a —260°F which decreases the volume of the gas by a part of 600. Many of the impurities like H, S, CO, and water are removed by liquefaction, such that nearly 100 percent methane is obtained. As the liquefied natural gas (LNG) has to be maintained at the proper temperature, it is transported in special doubled-hulled tankers that are fully insulated between the tank walls. Then the pressure of the gas should be maintained to reduce vaporization. For both. Environmental and economic reasons. Finally, the natural gas is pumped to the vaporization. Units. In these units, the gas is heated to the required temperature and transferred into the gas pipelines. 

Technical Issues: • Eradication of waste by cleaning • Transportation of LNG • Sustaining the environmental conditions. 

Societal Issues: • Total quantity of CH, left in the process • Effectiveness of the system • Health risks and anxiety of the community 

Question 2

 The major obstacles to large scale development:

There are various obstacles to economic development, among them:

• geography
• climate
• poverty
• overpopulation
• poor education
• health care
• international policies
• inflation
• war
• natural resources
• migration

                best technologies to achieve it: Educate the people.

Question 3

(i) washers

   (ii) Screws

   (iii) All types of Springs

Question 4

Differentiate between CAD, CAE, CAM:

Computer-aided design (CAD) uses a computer system to help create, modify, analyze or modify a 2D or 3D graphical representation of a design.

Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) uses a software application to help in the engineering analysis of designs. The typical analysis in CAE is Finite element Analysis (FEA), Computational fluid dynamics(CFD), and multi-body dynamics (MBD).

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is generally the use of software applications to create a manufacturing plan for tooling design. CAD model preparation, machine control programming for manufacturing and machine tooling. CAM distinguishes itself from CAE and CAD tools in that it is mostly used by the manufacturer and by the design engineer.

Question 5

History of CAD:

Initially used by Douglas T. Ross, the term ‘computer-aided design’ was introduced in the early 1950s. Ross, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), worked with military radar technology and computer display systems. Ross worked on projects that pioneered early CAD technology – such as Automatically Programmed Tools (APT), which led to the creation of AED (Automated Engineering Design). Ross would host conferences at MIT to discuss the expanding technologies with other early practitioners in the industry.

One of the first uses of what might be called CAD was deployed by Patrick Hanratty at the General Motors Research Laboratories. Hanratty developed Design Automated by Computer (DAC), which is thought to be the first CAD system that involved interactive graphics. This was the first commercial CAD/CAM software system and involved a numerical control programming tool named PRONTO, which he developed in 1957. As such, Hanratty is often referred to as ‘the father of CAD/CAM’.

The first true CAD software was called Sketchpad, developed by Ivan Sutherland in the early 1960s as part of his PhD thesis at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Sketchpad was especially innovative CAD software because the designer interacted with the computer graphically by using a light pen to draw on the computer’s monitor.                                 

The History of CAM:

Computer-aided manufacturing was also developed in the 1950s when computers were used to create G-code, which was translated into punched cards that could control machines. Punch tapes were produced through computer control, which could increase the speed of both instruction creation and manufacturing.

The tools and machines directed by these codes vary, from plasma cutters to water jets. The earliest commercial applications of CAM lie in the automotive and aerospace industries.

CAD meets CAM

CAD and CAM came together when CAM utilised CAD drawings to create its instructions, or toolpaths, to control automated machine tools. These tools could subsequently create physical items directly from design files.

Pierre Bézier created the pioneering surface 3D CAD/CAM system, UNISURF, between 1966-1968 while working for the French car manufacturer, Renault. His invention was designed to aid the design and tooling of cars by integrating drawing machines, computer control, interactive free-form curves, surface design and 3D milling for manufacturing clay models and masters.

CAD/CAM in the 1970s

In 1970, Hanratty launched his own company ICS, with its own CAD/CAM drafting system. The business was unsuccessful as the system worked on a computer not widely used nor available to the mass market. However, in the following year, he founded Manufacturing and Consulting Services (MCS), which created Automated Drafting and Machinery (ADAM). Around 90% of modern-day commercial drafting is said to trace its roots back to this product.

Question 6

 2 ½ D is a conventional way of describing a process for obtaining an object where the third dimension is somehow dependent on the transversal cross-section of the same.

Question 7

 International Journal of Computer-Aided Engineering and Technology

  Advances in CAD/CAM/CAE Technologies

  International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

Question 8. 

Ring Video Doorbell.

A Solar-Powered Camping Tent.

The Biolite Camping Stove.

Ultra-Ever Dry Waterproof Coating.

PaperKarma: The Junk Mail-Eliminating App.

Senz: The Stormproof Umbrella.

Justick: An Electro-Adhesive Bulletin Board.

                                 

Question 9

Introduction Stage, Growth Stage, Maturity Stage, Saturation Stage and Decline Stage. Products, like people, have a life cycle. They are born, grow, mature and finally decline and die.

Question 10

In the document title, Design refers to those activities involved in creating the styling, look and feel of the product, deciding on the product's mechanical architecture, selecting materials and processes, and engineering the various components necessary to make the product work.

Question 11

Vehicle Collisions, Struck-By, Caught-In, Caught-Between, Explosions and Fire, Falls, Confined Spaces.

Question 12.  

It will help them manage their OH&S risks and improve their OH&S performance by developing and implementing effective policies and objectives. Key potential benefits from the use of the standard include:

• Reduction of workplace incidents
• Reduced absenteeism and staff turnover, leading to increased productivity.
• Reduced cost of insurance premiums
• Creation of a health and safety culture, whereby employees are encouraged to take an active role in their own OH&S
• Reinforced leadership commitment to proactively improve OH&S performance • Ability to meet legal and regulatory requirements
• Enhanced reputation
• Improved staff morale