Refer to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DES_supplementary_material for the s-boxes in DES to answer the following questions:
What is the output of the first round of the DES algorithm when the plaintext and the key are both all zeros? (List transition steps to justify your answer)
a. What’s the 64-bit value of IP(x)?
b. What’s the 48-bit subkey k1 of after PC-1?
c. What’s the 48-bit value of E(R0) after expansion?
d. What’s the 48-bit value after E(R0) XOR k1?
e. What’s the 32-bit value after S-boxes operations?
f. What’s the 64-bit (L1, R1) value after permutation P?
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