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What do you understand by birefringence? What a
re distinguishing feature of the
o

and
e

rays? Draw a diagram showing
o

and
e

wave surfaces.
Obtain the conditions for observing maxima an
d minima in a Young two-slit
interference pattern. Show that these conditions c
hange when a thin transparent
sheet of thickness
t
and refractive index
μ
is introduced in the path of one of the
superposing beams.
State Fermat’s principle. On the basis of thi
s principle, show that when light passes
from a medium of lower refractive index to a medium
of higher refractive index, it
bends towards the normal to the interface between t
he two media.
Discuss the opponent process theory of colour vision
Please see the following question → link(http://freepdfhosting.com/0ed4fb0fe1.pdf) I have solved the first part, but instead of a positive sign, I get a negative one. This is due to a printing error in the question. Now in part b of the question, I get the answer by simply differentiating the optical path length with respect to 'closest distance' and I get the required answer, but I don't really understand why. Can you please tell why is the differential of optical path length equal to the angle turned by the light?

Note:- Make suitable approximations wherever necessary.

My solution :- (https://i.imgur.com/28TFOHo.jpg?1)
With the help of a neat labelled diagram, show the image formation by a compound microscope when the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision. write the expressions for its magnifying power in terms of parameters related to the microscope.
Derive the mirror formula.what is the corresponding formula for a thin lens
A diverging lens, with a focal length of -7 cm is placed 46 cm behind the converging lens. Relative to the diverging lens, where is the image (of the candle) formed by the converging lens?
how we define object pin and image pin while performing an experiment to find out the focal lenght of lenses???
The velocity of light in the core of a step index fiber is 2.01x108 m/sec, and
the critical angle at the core-in cladding interfaces 80 degree .Determine the
numerical aperture and the acceptance angle at the fiber in air, assuming it
has a core diameter suitable for consideration by ray analysis .The velocity of
light in vacuum is 3x 108 m/sec