Answer to Question #256330 in Management for Tumelo Ramaisa

Question

Name and explain five principles of data ethics

Answer 1

Data ethics is about responsible and sustainable use of data. It is about doing the right thing for people and society. Data processes should be designed as sustainable solutions benefitting first and foremost humans. 

Data ethics refer and adhere to the principles and values ​​on which human rights and personal data protection laws are based. It’s about honest and genuine transparency in data management. To actively develop privacy-by-design and privacy-enhancing products and infrastructures. To treat someone else’s personal information as you wish your own, or your children’s, treated.

PRINCIPLES OF DATA ETHICS

Ownership

The first principle of data ethics is that an individual has ownership over their personal information. Just as it’s considered stealing to take an item that doesn’t belong to you, it’s unlawful and unethical to collect someone’s personal data without their consent.

Some common ways you can obtain consent are through signed written agreements, digital privacy policies that ask users to agree to a company’s terms and conditions, and pop-ups with checkboxes that permit websites to track users’ online behavior with cookies. Never assume a customer is OK with you collecting their data; always ask for permission to avoid ethical and legal dilemmas.

Transparency

Data processing activities and automated decisions must make sense for the individual. They must be truly transparent and explainable. The purpose and interests of data processing must be clearly understood by the individual in terms of understanding risks, as well as social, ethical and societal consequences.

For instance, imagine your company has decided to implement an algorithm to personalize the website experience based on individuals’ buying habits and site behavior. You should write a policy explaining that cookies are used to track users’ behavior and that the data collected will be stored in a secure database and train an algorithm that provides a personalized website experience. It’s a user’s right to have access to this information so they can decide to accept your site’s cookies or decline them.

 Privacy

Another ethical responsibility that comes with handling data is ensuring data subjects’ privacy. Even if a customer gives your company consent to collect, store, and analyze their personally identifiable information (PII), that doesn’t mean they want it publicly available.

To protect individuals’ privacy, ensure you’re storing data in a secure database so it doesn’t end up in the wrong hands. Data security methods that help protect privacy include dual-authentication password protection and file encryption.

For professionals who regularly handle and analyze sensitive data, mistakes can still be made. One way to prevent slip-ups is by de-identifying a dataset. A dataset is de-identified when all pieces of PII are removed, leaving only anonymous data. This enables analysts to find relationships between variables of interest without attaching specific data points to individual identities.

Intention

When discussing any branch of ethics, intentions matter. Before collecting data, ask yourself why you need it, what you’ll gain from it, and what changes you’ll be able to make after analysis. If your intention is to hurt others, profit from your subjects’ weaknesses, or any other malicious goal, it’s not ethical to collect their data.

When your intentions are good—for instance, collecting data to gain an understanding of women’s healthcare experiences so you can create an app to address a pressing need—you should still assess your intention behind the collection of each piece of data.

Are there certain data points that don’t apply to the problem at hand? For instance, is it necessary to ask if the participants struggle with their mental health? This data could be sensitive, so collecting it when it’s unnecessary isn’t ethical. Strive to collect the minimum viable amount of data, so you’re taking as little as possible from your subjects while making a difference.

Democratic data processing is based on an awareness of the societal power relations that data systems sustain, reproduce or create. When processing data, special attention should be paid to vulnerable people, who are are particularly vulnerable to profiling that may adversely affect their self-determination and control or expose them to discrimination or stigmatization, for example due to their financial, social or health related conditions. Paying attention to vulnerable people also involves working actively to reduce bias in the development of self-learning algorithms

Outcomes

Even when intentions are good, the outcome of data analysis can cause inadvertent harm to individuals or groups of people. This is called a disparate impact, which is outlined in the Civil Rights Act as unlawful.

In Data Science Principles, Harvard Professor Latanya Sweeney provides an example of disparate impact. When Sweeney searched for her name online, an advertisement came up that read, “Latanya Sweeney, Arrested?” She had not been arrested, so this was strange.

“What names, if you search them, come up with arrest ads?” Sweeney asks in the course. “What I found was that if your name was given more often to a Black baby than to a white baby, your name was 80 percent more likely get an ad saying you had been arrested.”

It’s not clear from this example whether the disparate impact was intentional or a result of unintentional bias in an algorithm. Either way, it has the potential to do real damage that disproportionately impacts a specific group of people.

Unfortunately, you can’t know for certain the impact your data analysis will have until it’s complete. By considering this question beforehand, you can catch any potential occurrences of disparate impact.