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0.2 g of CaCO3 was dissolved in 500 mL of water. 100 ml of this solution on titration required 20 ml of EDTA. 100 ml of an unknown hard water sample with total hardness 600 mg/L was titrated against same EDTA solution. What is the expected end – point?





For the final section, use relevant information from the other sections of your handbook, to give a plan of a multi-step synthesis of

• ethyl ethanoate (CH3CO2CH2CH3), starting from ethanol and ethanal

• N-ethylacetamide (CH3CONHCH2CH3), starting from chloroethane and ethanoyl chloride

You will need to include reagents, reaction conditions and intermediate products involved in each step.

Your handbook will be much more interesting to your audience if pictures of 3D models of your molecules are included where it is appropriate.



Finally, prepare an instructional video or presentation, using your pictures and diagrams to accompany your verbal presentation and explanation of your handbook content


Why pH of refined glycerol decrease when it flow through activated carbon (AC) in adsorption process ? and what are major factor that affect in this issue ?


For the final section, use relevant information from the other sections of your handbook, to give a plan of a multi-step synthesis of

• ethyl ethanoate (CH3CO2CH2CH3), starting from ethanol and ethanal

• N-ethylacetamide (CH3CONHCH2CH3), starting from chloroethane and ethanoyl chloride

You will need to include reagents, reaction conditions and intermediate products involved in each step.

Your handbook will be much more interesting to your audience if pictures of 3D models of your molecules are included where it is appropriate.



For the final section, use relevant information from the other sections of your handbook, to give a plan of a multi-step synthesis of

• ethyl ethanoate (CH3CO2CH2CH3), starting from ethanol and ethanal

• N-ethylacetamide (CH3CONHCH2CH3), starting from chloroethane and ethanoyl chloride

You will need to include reagents, reaction conditions and intermediate products involved in each step.



A substance has the molecular formula C4H9N. Is there any likelihood that this material contains a triple bond? Explain your reasoning.


. (a) A researcher analyzed an unknown solid, extracted from the bark of spruce trees, to determine its percentage composition. An 11.32-mg sample was burned in a combustion apparatus. The carbon dioxide (24.87 mg) and water (5.82 mg) were collected and weighed. From the results of this analysis, calculate the percentage composition of the unknown solid. (b) Determine the empirical formula of the unknown solid. PROBLEMS 14782_01_Ch1_p001-014.pp3.qxd 1/25/08 10:11 AM Page 13 (c) Through mass spectrometry, the molecular mass was found to be 420 g/mole. What is the molecular formula? (d) How many aromatic rings could this compound contain?


Calculate the molecular formulas for possible compounds with molecular masses of 136; use the Rule of Thirteen. You may assume that the only other atoms present in each molecule are carbon and hydrogen. (a) A compound with two oxygen atoms (b) A compound with two nitrogen atoms (c) A compound with two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (d) A compound with five carbon atoms and four oxygen atoms


An alkaloid was isolated from a common household beverage. The unknown alkaloid proved to have a molecular mass of 194. Using the Rule of Thirteen, determine a molecular formula and an index of hydrogen deficiency for the unknown. Alkaloids are naturally occurring organic substances that contain nitrogen. (Hint: There are four nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms in the molecular formula. The unknown is caffeine. Look up the structure of this substance in The Merck Index and confirm its molecular formula.)


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