Organic Chemistry Answers

What is diazo coupling? Write the reaction for the preparation of Congo red dye using this reaction.

Explain the reduction of nitrobenzene using different reagents.

How can a carboxylic acid be converted to a carboxylic acid chloride using different reagents? How will you convert the acid chlorides to

i) other halides, and

ii) the starting carboxylic acid?

How will you carry out the following conversions?

i) 2- Chlorobutane to 2-Methylbutanoic acid.

ii) 1- Bromobutane to Pentanoic acid.

Explain the acidic and basic behavior of carboxylic acids.

 Ni²⁺ + 2 NO₃^-     NiO₂ + 2 NO₂  

name of the element oxidized:

name of the element reduced:

formula of the oxidizing agent:

formula of the reducing agent:

1. ethane C₂H₆
2. ethanol C₂H₆O (CH₃CH₂OH)
3. ethanoic acid C₂H₄O₂ (CH₃COOH)
4. methoxymethane C₂H₆O (CH₃OCH₃)
5. octane C₈H₁₈
6. 1-octanol C₈H₁₈O (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)
7. Rank the four compounds above that contain two carbons from lowest to highest boiling point.
8. Of the six compounds, which is the most soluble and which one is the least soluble in water? Explain your answers.
9. Between ethanol and 1-octanol: Which compound is more polar? Explain your answer.
10. Which compound is less soluble in water? Explain your answer.
11. The above six compounds belong to four different classes of organic compounds. Which of the four classes would be the most soluble in non-polar compounds? Explain your answer.

Analyse the effects of the monosubstituents -OH, -Cl, -NO2 and -CH3 on the benzene ring and predict how they direct an attacking species (such as NO2¬+, CH3+, Br2 and SO3) to either the 2, 3 or 4 positions on the ring during substitution. Include within this section, the names of substituted benzene compounds, indicating how the name is based upon the functional group(s) present and the different positions on the benzene ring..

Compare the mechanisms for the following substitution and addition reactions of benzene:

o the Friedel-Crafts reaction 

o the sulfonation of benzene

o the chlorination of benzene 

o the hydrogenation benzene

You will need to illustrate and explain the reaction mechanism for each one, as well as the similarities and differences that exist between them.

hydrolysis  of  3 -fluorobutyl-2-methylpentanoate