Evolution Answers

How various biochemical approach are helpful in the process of classification of plants and animals ? Give examples

In the year 2850, humans successfully colonized Mars. The Martian modules that were constructed could hold only a small population of people. It is now a century later, and the population on Mars has grown to 600 people. Of the current Mars population, 45 people express the recessive phenotype for phenylketonuria (PKU) syndrome (pp genotype).

Demonstrate why sickle cell anemia could not have been a Mendelian dominant disease.

 Hint: See data below for the prevalence of the sickle cell anemia allele in various malaria zones.

Group

Unaffected

Carriers

Affected

Nigerians

0.739

0.240

0.019

S. Arabians

0.774

0.211

0.014

Greeks

0.774

0.211

0.014

Hint: Consider the general model for selection: Dq = ((pqw₁₂ + q² w₂₂)/w_avg) – q ; where average fitness (w_avg ) = p²w₁₁ + 2pqw₁₂ + q22w₂₂ and remember that w₁₁ is the fitness of genotype p2; w₁₂ is the fitness of genotype 2pq, and w₂₂ is the fitness of genotype q².

Hint: Use Python or Scrip to stimulate the generational model where the disease allele is dominant (and has lowest fitness) and compare that to when the allele is recessive and has lowest fitness. Finally, consider when the allele is recessive, but the heterozygote has higher fitness than either homozygote. Which simulation best fits the observed data?

The B.1.1.7 SARS-Cov-2 variant has been measured as having an R₀ of 1.1. If the generation time for COVID is 3 days in unvaccinated persons, how many people will be infected starting with an initial cohort of 1 infected individual in one month? *Hint this calculation assumes that unvaccinated people are following the 3Ws.

what is geological time scale? describe the events that mark the divisions between the eras?

 If natural selection dictates who or what organisms will survive and continue, are we altering or change what the nature must work on if we protect organisms that would be eliminated due to its inability to cope up with its new environment, or threats?

• What was the disadvantage of the unfavored Human Lactose Intolerance trait(s)?
• How did the Human Lactose Intolerance numbers change after the environmental pressure?
• Were there other factors that helped Human Lactose Intolerance survive that were unrelated to genetics?

Illustrate an example of an evolutionary relationship between any two organisms using any evidence of evolution.

Choose any wild, existing species of Eukaryote that interests you. Please don’t choose humans and don’t choose a domesticated species. In studying a population of your organism, you focus on a particular gene (this does not have to be an actual gene, just a realistic one). At first it seems that your study sample is uniform at this locus but then you discover a unique, novel mutation. In other words, every single copy of the gene in your sample is identical except for the unique copy of a new variant allele that you have discovered.

In your own words, describe the normal function of the gene at this locus and how the function of the new allele differs, if at all. For the sake of this exercise, we will assume that the new allele is not strongly deleterious and that it will ultimately become fixed (replace the original allele) in the population. In your own words, tell the story of how and why the new variant becomes fixed. To keep your reader informed, be sure to state its frequency at three or more points in time, measured in generations.

What is a normal distribution? Discuss this curve with regard to quantitative traits within a population. What is the relationship between the standard deviation and the normal distribution?