Evolution Answers

what is geological time scale? describe the events that mark the divisions between the eras?

 If natural selection dictates who or what organisms will survive and continue, are we altering or change what the nature must work on if we protect organisms that would be eliminated due to its inability to cope up with its new environment, or threats?

• What was the disadvantage of the unfavored Human Lactose Intolerance trait(s)?
• How did the Human Lactose Intolerance numbers change after the environmental pressure?
• Were there other factors that helped Human Lactose Intolerance survive that were unrelated to genetics?

Illustrate an example of an evolutionary relationship between any two organisms using any evidence of evolution.

Choose any wild, existing species of Eukaryote that interests you. Please don’t choose humans and don’t choose a domesticated species. In studying a population of your organism, you focus on a particular gene (this does not have to be an actual gene, just a realistic one). At first it seems that your study sample is uniform at this locus but then you discover a unique, novel mutation. In other words, every single copy of the gene in your sample is identical except for the unique copy of a new variant allele that you have discovered.

In your own words, describe the normal function of the gene at this locus and how the function of the new allele differs, if at all. For the sake of this exercise, we will assume that the new allele is not strongly deleterious and that it will ultimately become fixed (replace the original allele) in the population. In your own words, tell the story of how and why the new variant becomes fixed. To keep your reader informed, be sure to state its frequency at three or more points in time, measured in generations.

What is a normal distribution? Discuss this curve with regard to quantitative traits within a population. What is the relationship between the standard deviation and the normal distribution? 

Most new mutations are detrimental, yet rare beneficial mutations can be adaptive. With regard to the fate of new mutations, discuss whether you think it is more important for natural selection to select against detrimental alleles or to select in favor of beneficial ones. Which do you think is more significant in human populations?

predict the blood groups of the offsprings when father A,and mother B are heterozygous

Biology 030 Lab #1 Data Analysis Assignment: Background Below are the raw data collected by a previous Biology 030 class, for Part 1 and Part 2 of Lab #1: Testing the Hardy-Weinberg Principle using the Scientific Method. In this experiment, beads represented dominant (D) and recessive (L) alleles in a gene pool. Putting 2 beads together represented sexual reproduction to create a new individual. In each generation, some individuals received 2 dominant alleles and had the genotype DD; some individuals received 2 recessive alleles and had the genotype LL, and some individuals received one of each allele and had the genotype DL. In this simulation, there were a total of 640 alleles in the gene pool, with 384 dominant (D) alleles, and 256 recessive (L) alleles. In Part 1, every member of our population reproduced sexually each generation, and there were no mutations, no individuals coming or going, no genetic drift, no natural selection, and no sexual selection (ie. there was always random mating) Table 1: Raw Data for Part 1, Random Mating in a Population Over Time Generation # # of DD # of DL # of LL Total # of individuals 1 119 149 52 320 2 119 146 55 320 3 124 137 59 320 4 117 150 53 320 In Part 2, members of our population reproduced sexually each generation, and there were no individuals coming or going, no genetic drift, no natural selection, and no sexual selection (ie. there was always random mating). However, there was a mutation to the recessive (L) allele, where inheriting 2 copies was lethal shortly after birth. As a result, these individuals were born and counted in one generation, but because they died before reproducing, their alleles were removed and were not passed on in subsequent generations. Table 2: Raw Data for Part 2, the Effect of a Recessive Lethal Allele on a Population Over Time Generation # # of DD # of DL # of LL Total # of individuals 1 114 156 50 320 2 132 120 18 270 3 147 89 15 251 4 158 65 12 235 If, after 4 generations, the genotype and allele frequencies have not changed significantly (e.g. within +/- 2%, or within +/- 0.02 as a decimal), then the population can be said to be at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Lab #1 Data Analysis Assignment Total : 38 marks Complete the following questions, in the following order. Include each heading. The assignment must be typed, organized in order, with hand-drawn graphs. Submit your creation electronically, directly to Moodle, as a single PDF or Word document. Predictions, Part 1: In a model simulation using 640 beads, the proportion of corresponding alleles in a population undergoing random mating are 384 640 for D, the dominant allele, and 256 640 for L, the recessive allele. a) Use this data to calculate the allele frequencies for each allele D and L, and show your work. Report your results as percentages (%). (2 marks) b) Use the decimal values in (a) to calculate the expected genotype frequencies for each genotype DD, DL, and LL, and show your work. Report your results as percentages (%). (3 marks) c) Predict what this part of the experiment will show. Would you expect allele and genotype frequencies for future generations to be the same as the starting frequencies? Why or why not? (2 marks) Predictions, Part 2: The proportion of corresponding alleles in the starting population are still 384 640 for D (the dominant allele for healthy phenotype), and 256 640 for L (the recessive allele which is lethal when two copies are inherited). The population is still undergoing random mating, but one genotype is now lethal, and will kill the organism shortly after it is born, removing its alleles from the gene pool. a) Identify which genotype would be lethal in this part of the experiment. (1 mark) b) Predict what this part of the experiment will show: repeat question (c) from Part 1. (2 marks) Results: Use the given raw data tables on page 1 to calculate the genotype frequencies observed in each generation, in each part of the experiment. Report your results as percentages (%) to 2 decimal places in tables like the ones below. (6 marks) Table 3: Genotype Frequencies for Part 1, Random Mating in a Population Over Time DD DL LL Generation 1, Part 1 Generation 2, Part 1 Generation 3, Part 1 Generation 4, Part 1 Table 4: Genotype Frequencies for Part 2, Effect of a Recessive Lethal Allele on a Population Over Time DD DL LL Generation 1, Part 2 Generation 2, Part 2 Generation 3, Part 2 Generation 4, Part 2 Analysis: 1. Use the raw data from Part 1 to calculate the allele frequencies for the fourth generation. Report your result as percentages (%), to 2 decimal places. Comment on how the 4th generation allele frequencies compare to what was calculated for the original population in your Predictions, Part 1. (3 marks) 2. Repeat Question #1 for the raw data from Part 2. (3 marks) 3. Which part of the experiment would be identified as the control setup, and which would be identified as the experimental setup? Explain your choice. (2 marks) 4. Graph the genotype frequencies for the data table you created in Part 1 of your Results. Your graph must be a hand-drawn bar graph on graph paper. Be sure to give the graph a title and label each axis, as per the sample given below. (4 marks) 5. On a separate graph, repeat Question #4 for the genotype frequencies in Part 2 of your Results. (4 marks) Conclusions: 1. Use your graph (Q #4) to comment on how the genotype frequencies changed over time in Part 1: Did the results agree with your Predictions? Were the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle met in this population? Explain your answer. (3 marks) 2. Use your graph (Q #5) to comment on how the genotype frequencies changed over time in Part 2: Did the results agree with your Predictions? Were the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle met in this population? Explain your answer. (3 marks) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 1 2 3 4 Genotype Frequency, in % Generation # Genotype Frequencies for Part _ of the Experiment DD DL LL

The Philippine mouse deer or pilandok has shorter fur than its counterpart deer in the Arctic region. What characteristic is exhibited in this situation? Will a mouse-deer survive in cold regions? Why or why not?