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What are the different checkpoints in cell cycle?
I'm having trouble sorting the different checkpoints in cell cycle.I have suggested wikipedia it says there are three checkpoints; restriction point, G2-M DNA damage checkpoint and Spindle attachment checkpoint. But again 'Molecular Biology of the Cell' by Alberts and Johnson has mentioned of two DNA damage checkpoints , one at G1 and the other at G2.
There's no book saying what exactly are the different checkpoints in cell cycle. Please assist.
I would like to know the name of a book that has the different checkpoints mentioned.
What is Nissil body? I don't get the structure explained by wikipedia.
SER are structurally more stable than RER. What it meant by this?
define ascent of sap
Describe some of the ways that membranous organelles can maintain their unique compositions despite the continuous traffic of membranes and materials moving through them.
Context: The ERGIC is the first anterograde/retrograde sorting station in the secretory pathway.
Problem: I can understand why its the first sorting station in anterograde secetory pathway but I don't understand how could it also be the first sorting station in retrograde pathway? Please explain.
Steady state is a condition when polymerisation and depolymerisation of tubulin heterodimer take place at both ends at same rate.
How is that possible, polymerisation and depolymerisation occuring at the same time at an end of microtubule?
_______ may have formed the oxygen released into the early atmosphere.

Saprophytic bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Symbiotic bacteria

none of the above
Does depolymerisation take place at the minus end of microtubule?
Wikipedia says that -Dynamic instability refers to the coexistence of assembly and disassembly at the 'ends' of a microtubule,but Karp's Cell Biology, 7th edition says
-Dynamic instability is an inherent property of microtubule itself, more specifically, of the plus end of the microtubule.
I was of the opinion that the GTP bound to the minus end does not hydrolyse and so no depolymerisation take place at the minus end.
But again from The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition I found that -treadmilling is a dynamic behavior in which tubulin molecules bound to GDP are continually lost from the minus end and replaced by the addition of tubulin molecules bound to GTP to the plus end of the same microtubule.
The concept I have developed so far is completely shattered by this treadmilling thing.
What are cargoes?
Reference: Dynein is an exceptionally large cargo carrying multisubunit motor protein that moves along microtubules toward the minus end.
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