Answer to Question #279445 in Psychology for Izzy B

Question

What are the key steps in the perceptual process and how is perception empirically studied and measured? Be sure to refer to a specific sensory process in providing your answer. 

Answer 1

The Occipital Lobe is in charge of visual processing and houses the majority of the visual cortex. This section of the brain is divided into two halves, one for the right hemisphere and the other for the left, and is positioned in the back of the skull. Several functional visual areas are controlled by this lobe:

Primary Visual Cortex - stores low-level information on local orientation, spatial frequency, and color qualities. The ventral stream processes the "what" component of vision, while the dorsal stream processes the "where or how." The primary visual cortex contains both streams.

The occipital lobe receives information from the perceptual sensors of the retina of the eyes.

The occipital lobe transmits visual information recorded in the brain as memories and associated with meanings.

The light-sensitive nerve tissue in the retina transmits images from the optical system to the brain for interpretation as vision. Cones and rods are the two types of cells in the eye that are responsible for light reception.

Visual acuity is provided by cones, which are light-sensitive receptor cells.

The rods are in charge of receiving low-light signals. It fills in the gaps in your peripheral vision.

When light travels through the pupil of the eye, which dilates or contracts due to the movement of the sphincter pupillae muscles, an upside-down image is cast on the retina of the eyes. The transformed image is subsequently sent to the brain's visual system for processing.

The right hemisphere occipital lobe processes images from the left eye, while the left occipital lobe processes images from the right eye. The fovea is the part of the macula in the center that produces the sharpest vision. The scotoma, often known as the blind spot, is placed at 15 degrees on the nasal side of the fovea. Because this area of the eye lacks photoreceptor cells, a portion of the vision is not processed and seen properly. The increase in contrast and sharpness of visual responses in the retina is known as lateral inhibition. A sharper image is formed as a result of the increased contrast of lighting and darkness, resulting in the appearance of a huge "X."

As the contrast between the competing hues is increased, the combination of colors produces a white light that normally falls in the center, while the outside corners appear darker. We can experience the world in 3D or 3-dimension shape thanks to lateral inhibitions as well. This is referred to as perception depth. Cues for depth perception might be monocular or binocular. The depth of cue in this example is in binocular form. Stereopsis or binocular parallax is a cue that is most likely related with the perception of the squares and the "X," in which a tiny change in the angles of the picture or light creates a 3D image or form. The ganglion cells process visual information before passing it on to the feature detectors for pattern processing. The feature detectors send information about complicated patterns to the supercell clusters, which process the patterns accordingly. The feature detectors are a type of neuron found in the occipital lobe's visual cortex. They can be basic, complex, or hypercomplex cells, with hypercomplex cells being the most specialized, responding to lines of a certain width, orientation, angle, and position within the visual field. Cones are light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that produce visual acuity, or vision clarity. Additionally, these are critical in the sense of color, which is influenced by how light strikes an item and then strikes our eyes. Because visual acuity is determined by the light wavelengths that the cones receive, the difference in light sensitivity determines whether or not one can discern colors. Color blindness is the inability to do so. The visual receptor to colors is one condition that is prevalent in the Y-chromosomes. As a result, color blindness is more common in men with Y chromosomes. The X chromosomes code for M and L cones, which sense green and red colors, therefore they would be able to perceive blue and its tints despite color blindness.

Conditioning is a sort of learning in which a series of events happens at the same time. Observational learning happens when a change in behavior arises as a result of observing or mimicking the conduct of others. In observational learning, there are four components. Modeling is a notion from Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory that discusses how people learn by observing others and adapting the behaviors that attracted to them. Observational leaning is supposed to be ascribed to a specific sort of neuron from a biological standpoint. Neurons are the fundamental building blocks of the neurological system. The term "synapse" refers to the connection between two neurons. It takes place between the axon terminal that sends the message and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. The synaptic gap or synaptic cleft is the space between the neurons involved in a nerve synapse where the neurotransmitter acts.

Mirror neurons are engaged when a stimulus of an activity witnessed that is similar to an action performed by another is presented. Its name comes from the fact that it mirrors another's actions as if it were done by itself. As a result, when an action is thought to be an anticipation of a known activity, the mirror neurons fire signals to repeat or copy the same behavior. As a result, observational learning yields results.