Question #45358

1. Find all values of a, b, c, and d for which A is skew-symmetric.

A = [[0, 2a-3b+c, 3a-5b+5c],[-2, 0, 5a-8b+6c],[-3, -5, d]]

2. Let R be the 5x5 matrix:

[[-8, 33, 38, 173, -30],[0, 0, -1, -4, 0],[0, 0, -5, -25, 1],[0, 0, 1, 5, 0],[4, -16, -19, -86, 15]]

(a) Using technology, and the characteristic polynomial of R and hence and the eigenvalues.

(b) For each of the eigenvalues, determine (by hand) how many linearly independent eigenvectors can be found.

Expert's answer

Answer on Question #45358 – Math - Matrix | Tensor Analysis

Problem.

1. Find all values of a,b,ca, b, c, and dd for which AA is skew-symmetric.


A=[[0,2a3b+c,3a5b+5c],[2,0,5a8b+6c],[3,5,d]]A = \left[ \left[ 0, 2a - 3b + c, 3a - 5b + 5c \right], \left[ -2, 0, 5a - 8b + 6c \right], \left[ -3, -5, d \right] \right]


2. Let RR be the 5x5 matrix:


[[8,33,38,173,30],[0,0,1,4,0],[0,0,5,25,1],[0,0,1,5,0],[4,16,19,86,15]]\left[ \left[ -8, 33, 38, 173, -30 \right], \left[ 0, 0, -1, -4, 0 \right], \left[ 0, 0, -5, -25, 1 \right], \left[ 0, 0, 1, 5, 0 \right], \left[ 4, -16, -19, -86, 15 \right] \right]


(a) Using technology, and the characteristic polynomial of RR and hence and the eigenvalues.

(b) For each of the eigenvalues, determine (by hand) how many linearly independent eigenvectors can be found.

Solution.

(a) The matrix A=[02a3b+c3a5b+5c205a8b+6c35d]A = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 2a - 3b + c & 3a - 5b + 5c \\ -2 & 0 & 5a - 8b + 6c \\ -3 & -5 & d \end{bmatrix} is skew-symmetric if and only if AT=A-A^T = A or


[023(2a3b+c)05(3a5b+5c)(5a8b+6c)d]=[02a3b+c3a5b+5c205a8b+6c35d].\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 2 & 3 \\ -(2a - 3b + c) & 0 & 5 \\ -(3a - 5b + 5c) & -(5a - 8b + 6c) & -d \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 2a - 3b + c & 3a - 5b + 5c \\ -2 & 0 & 5a - 8b + 6c \\ -3 & -5 & d \end{bmatrix}.


Then d=0d = 0, 2a3b+c=22a - 3b + c = 2, 3a5b+5c=33a - 5b + 5c = 3, 5a8b+6c=55a - 8b + 6c = -5.

We need to solve system


{2a3b+c=2;3a5b+5c=3;5a8b+6c=5.\left\{ \begin{array}{l} 2a - 3b + c = 2; \\ 3a - 5b + 5c = 3; \\ 5a - 8b + 6c = 5. \end{array} \right.


Hence


{2a3b+c=2;3a5b+5c5(2a3b+c)=310;5a8b+6c6(2a3b+c)=512.\begin{cases} 2a - 3b + c = 2; \\ 3a - 5b + 5c - 5 \cdot (2a - 3b + c) = 3 - 10; \\ 5a - 8b + 6c - 6 \cdot (2a - 3b + c) = 5 - 12. \\ \end{cases}{2a3b+c=2;7a+10b=7;7a+10b=7.\left\{ \begin{array}{l} 2a - 3b + c = 2; \\ -7a + 10b = -7; \\ -7a + 10b = -7. \end{array} \right.


Therefore three equations are linearly dependent and the solution is a=ta = t, b=0.7t0.7b = 0.7t - 0.7, c=22t+2.1t2.1=0.1t0.1c = 2 - 2t + 2.1t - 2.1 = 0.1t - 0.1, where tRt \in \mathbb{R}.

**Answer**: a=ta = t, b=0.7t0.7b = 0.7t - 0.7, c=0.1t0.1c = 0.1t - 0.1, d=0d = 0, tRt \in \mathbb{R}.

2.

(a) From MATLAB

```

>> R = [-8, 33, 38, 173, -30; 0, 0, -1, -4, 0; 0, 0, -5, -25, 1; 0, 0, 1, 5, 0; 4, -16, -19, -86, 15];

P = poly(R)

```

```

P =

```

1.0000 -7.0000 19.0000 -25.0000 16.0000 -4.0000

```

>> R = roots(P)

```

```

R =

```

2.0000

2.0000

1.0001

0.9999 + 0.0001i

0.9999 - 0.0001i

Hence the characteristic polynomial is P(λ)=λ57λ4+19λ325λ2+16λ4P(\lambda) = \lambda^5 - 7\lambda^4 + 19\lambda^3 - 25\lambda^2 + 16\lambda - 4 and the roots are λ=2\lambda = 2 and λ=1\lambda = 1. The root λ=1\lambda = 1 has algebraic multiplicity 3 and the root λ=2\lambda = 2 has algebraic multiplicity 2.

(b) For λ=2\lambda = 2 there are


5rank(R2I)5 - \operatorname {rank} (R - 2 I)


linearly independent eigenvectors.


5rank(R2I)=5rank[103338173300214000725100130416198613]5 - \operatorname {rank} (R - 2 I) = 5 - \operatorname {rank} \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} - 1 0 & 3 3 & 3 8 & 1 7 3 & - 3 0 \\ 0 & - 2 & - 1 & - 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 7 & - 2 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 3 & 0 \\ 4 & - 1 6 & - 1 9 & - 8 6 & 1 3 \end{array} \right][103338173300214000725100130416198613][103338173300214000725100130002.411.211][10333817330021400072510004100000]\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} - 1 0 & 3 3 & 3 8 & 1 7 3 & - 3 0 \\ 0 & - 2 & - 1 & - 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 7 & - 2 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 3 & 0 \\ 4 & - 1 6 & - 1 9 & - 8 6 & 1 3 \end{array} \right] \sim \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} - 1 0 & 3 3 & 3 8 & 1 7 3 & - 3 0 \\ 0 & - 2 & - 1 & - 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 7 & - 2 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 2. 4 & - 1 1. 2 & 1 1 \end{array} \right] \sim \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} - 1 0 & 3 3 & 3 8 & 1 7 3 & - 3 0 \\ 0 & - 2 & - 1 & - 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 7 & - 2 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - 4 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array} \right]


Hence rank [10333817330021400072510004100000]=4\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} - 10 & 33 & 38 & 173 & -30\\ 0 & -2 & -1 & -4 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & -7 & -25 & 1\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -4 & 1\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array} \right] = 4 and there are 1 linearly independent

eigenvector.

For λ=1\lambda = 1 there are


5rank(RI)5 - \operatorname {rank} (R - I)


linearly independent eigenvectors.


5rank(RI)=5rank[93338173300114000625100140416198614]5 - \operatorname {rank} (R - I) = 5 - \operatorname {rank} \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} - 9 & 3 3 & 3 8 & 1 7 3 & - 3 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - 1 & - 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 6 & - 2 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ 4 & - 1 6 & - 1 9 & - 8 6 & 1 4 \end{array} \right][93338173300114000625100140416198614][41619861401140006251001409333817330]\left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} -9 & 33 & 38 & 173 & -30 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -6 & -25 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ 4 & -16 & -19 & -86 & 14 \end{array} \right] \sim \left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} 4 & -16 & -19 & -86 & 14 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -6 & -25 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ -9 & 33 & 38 & 173 & -30 \end{array} \right][4161986140114000625100140034.7520.51.5][41619861401140000625100140001.758.51.5]\sim \left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} 4 & -16 & -19 & -86 & 14 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -6 & -25 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & -3 & -4.75 & -20.5 & 1.5 \end{array} \right] \sim \left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} 4 & -16 & -19 & -86 & 14 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -6 & -25 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -1.75 & -8.5 & 1.5 \end{array} \right][4161986140114000140000110001.51.5][416198614011400014000011]\sim \left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} 4 & -16 & -19 & -86 & 14 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1.5 & 1.5 \end{array} \right] \sim \left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} 4 & -16 & -19 & -86 & 14 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 1 \end{array} \right]


Hence rank


[41619861401140001400001100000]=4 and there are 1 linearly independent eigenvector.\left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} 4 & -16 & -19 & -86 & 14 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & -4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array} \right] = 4 \text{ and there are 1 linearly independent eigenvector.}


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