Question #80854

Find the orthogonal canonical reduction of the quadratic form x2+y2+z2−2xy−2xz−2yz.Also,find its principal axes.

Expert's answer

Answer on Question #80854 – Math – Linear Algebra

Question

Find the orthogonal canonical reduction of the quadratic form x2+y2+z22xy2xz2yzx^2 + y^2 + z^2 - 2xy - 2xz - 2yz. Also, find its principal axes.

Solution

f(x,y,z)=x2+y2+z22xy2xz2yzf(x, y, z) = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - 2xy - 2xz - 2yz


The matrix of the quadratic form is


A=(111111111)A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & 1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}


The characteristic equation is


1λ1111λ1111λ=0\left| \begin{array}{ccc} 1 - \lambda & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & 1 - \lambda & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & 1 - \lambda \end{array} \right| = 0


hence


(1λ)((1λ)21)+(1+λ1)(1+1λ)=0(1λ)(λ22λ)4+2λ=0(λ2)2(λ+1)=0λ1=2,λ2=1.\begin{aligned} (1 - \lambda) \big((1 - \lambda)^2 - 1\big) + (-1 + \lambda - 1) - (1 + 1 - \lambda) &= 0 \\ (1 - \lambda)(\lambda^2 - 2\lambda) - 4 + 2\lambda &= 0 \\ (\lambda - 2)^2(\lambda + 1) &= 0 \\ \lambda_1 &= 2, \lambda_2 = -1. \end{aligned}


Thus, the orthogonal canonical reduction is


Q=(xyz200020001)(xyz)=2(x)2+2(y)2(z)2Q = \begin{pmatrix} x' & y' & z' \\ 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x' \\ y' \\ z' \end{pmatrix} = 2(x')^2 + 2(y')^2 - (z')^2


Find eigenvectors:


λ=2\lambda = 2(111111111)(xyz)=0\begin{pmatrix} -1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{pmatrix} = 0x+y+z=0x + y + z = 0


Orthogonal solutions to this equation are (110)\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} and (112)\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix}. These normed vectors are principal axes 12(110)\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} and 16(112)\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix}.


λ=1\lambda = -1(211121112)(xyz)=0\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 2 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & 2 \end{array} \right) \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \\ z \end{array} \right) = 0{2xyz=0x+2yz=0xy+2z=0{z=2xyx+2y2x+y=0xy+4x2y=0{z=2xyy=xy=x\begin{array}{l} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} 2x - y - z = 0 \\ -x + 2y - z = 0 \\ -x - y + 2z = 0 \end{array} \right. \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} z = 2x - y \\ -x + 2y - 2x + y = 0 \\ -x - y + 4x - 2y = 0 \end{array} \right. \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} z = 2x - y \\ y = x \\ y = x \end{array} \right. \end{array}


The normed solution is principal axis 13(111)\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}.

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