Answer to Question #214771 in Management for Sumair

Question

      Differentiate between:                                                                                  (05)     

i.         Reliability and validity

ii.        Measure of difference and measure of association

iii.       Basic and applied research

iv.       Causal and correlational study

v.        Descriptive and inferential statistics

Answer 1

     I.           Validity relates to how well a research instrument measures what it's supposed to assess, whereas reliability refers to how well a scale delivers consistent results when repeated measurements are taken.

    II.           The variation between the observed value of a variable and some other value, usually the variable's mean, is referred to as a measure of difference. A measure of association, on the other hand, is a statistic that determines the direction and size of a relationship between two variables.

 III.           Basic research is a purely theoretical research strategy aimed at increasing or growing the knowledge base of a specific subject of study. It is primarily motivated by curiosity and the desire to explore the unknown, and it focuses on "knowledge for its own sake." It's also known as basic or pure research, and it's a systematic examination aimed at gaining a better and more detailed understanding of a research subject or phenomenon rather than solving a specific problem. However, the goal of applied research is to provide practical solutions to a specific problem. It is a type of research that comprises problem-solving inquiries into a phenomenon, a field of study, or a research topic using empirical approaches. In many circumstances, applied research is a follow-up research plan for basic research since it digs deeper into the findings of pure or basic research in order to validate them and apply them to new ways of solving problems.

 IV.           Causal research is concerned with determining the relationship between variables. This emphasizes the fact that it enables the researcher to determine the cause of a specific variable. For example, a researcher investigating why women are underrepresented in politics will look for factors such as family duties, women's image, and potential dangers. Before anticipating causation in causal study, the researcher normally measures the impact of each variable. It's critical to pay close attention to the variables because, in most circumstances, a lack of control over them might lead to incorrect forecasts. This is why the majority of researchers tamper with their research environment. On the other hand, the goal of correlational research is to find links between variables. Correlational research differs from causal research in that it cannot anticipate causality while detecting connections.

   V.           Descriptive statistics is to use summary statistics, graphs, and tables to describe a set of raw data. When compared to staring at rows and rows of raw data values, descriptive statistics help you understand a bunch of data considerably more quickly and readily. On the other hand, inferential statistics is a type of statistics that uses a small sample of data to make inferences about a broader population.