Answer to Question #289415 in History for Pemu suki

Question

Examine the development of liberalism as an idealogy of state government in the twenteith century. Add a note on the challenges faced by it

Answer 1

Liberalism is defined as political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law. Its development can be traced back to early 20th century in the Ottoman Empire and Middle East which influenced periods of reformation such as the Tanzimat and Al-Nahda and the rise of constitutionalism, nationalism and secularism. These changes, along others factors, created crisis within Islam and which continues up to this day, leading to Islamic revivalism. The main ideological opponents of liberalism were communism, conservatism and socialism, but the major ideological challenges were from fascism and Marxism. In the 20th century, liberal ideas spread further more so, in Western Europe, as liberal democracies found themselves as winners in both world wars.

In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state. The fundamental elements of contemporary society have liberal roots. The early waves of liberalism popularized economic individualism while expanding constitutional government and parliamentary authority. Liberals sought and established a constitutional order that prized important individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech and freedom of association; an independent judiciary and public trial by jury; and the abolition of aristocratic privileges. Later waves of modern liberal thought and struggle were strongly influenced by the need to expand civil rights. Liberals have advocated gender and racial equality in their drive to promote civil rights and a global civil rights movement in the 20th century achieved several objectives towards both goals. Other goals often accepted by liberals include universal suffrage and universal access to education.

Challenges

Democratic backsliding 

loyal opposition which means political competitors disagreements