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a. COVID-19 all around the world has restricted the economic activity. To stop the spread of the virus many other countries including Pakistan adopted the policy of smart lockdown. Shutting down of the industry has created adverse supply shock in the economy. While, the slowdown in business and economic activities the country is in the recessionary phase of the business cycle as the GDP growth for the FY 2021-22 is expected to be -1 percent accompanied by high unemployment and poverty rate.

I. Reflecting on the above situation justify whether the State Bank of Pakistan should opt for expansionary or contractionary monetary policy as a stabilization policy. Also illustrate it graphically.
Assume that the Habib Bank of Pakistan has total reserves of Rs. 50 Million. Assume also that required reserves are 15 percent of checking deposits and that bank hold no excess reserves and households hold no currency.

a. Show a T-account for Habib Bank (1 Mark)
b. Calculate the money multiplier and Calculate the money supply (1 Mark)
If the State Bank of Pakistan now raises required reserves to 25 percent of deposits,
c. What will be the effect on money multiplier? (1 Mark)
d. What will be the effect on Reserves? What will be the effect on money Supply? (1

The 2007/2008 financial crisis was the worst economic disaster since the Great Depression of 1929. The crisis was the result of a sequence of events, each with its own trigger and culminating in the near collapse of the banking system.


2.1 Discuss the stages of a financial crisis in an emerging economy.

2.2 Explain how a financial crisis may be prevented in the emerging economies.


Money (money supply) is anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts - a stock concept.


1.1. Using South African practical examples, explain the functions of money and clearly distinguish between the M1, M2 and M3 aggregate measures for money supply.

1.2. Discuss the evolution of the payment system.


Using the IS–LM model, determine the impact on stock prices of each of the policy changes
described below. If the effect is ambiguous, explain what additional information would be needed
to reach a conclusion.
a) An unexpected expansionary monetary policy with no change in fiscal policy.
b) A fully expected expansionary monetary policy with no change in fiscal policy.
c) A fully expected expansionary monetary policy together with an unexpected expansionary fiscal
policy.

Identify and briefly explain the type of fiscal policy that could be used to solve the

recessionary gap.


State the limitations of GDP in measuring the economic well being of the society.

Critically analyse the South African economy using the discussion on South African economy.


How does covid 19 affect the economy?
You have the following information on an economy.
C = 0.8Yd
I = GHS78
G = GHS70
TR = GHS40
T = 0.25Y
Derive an expression for aggregate expenditure based on this model.
Determine the ste
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