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Finance
Vertical analysis is a technique which expresses each item within a financial statement
a.in dollars and cents.
b.in terms of a percentage of the item in the previous year.
c.in terms of a percent of a base amount.
d.starting with the highest value down to the lowest value.
a.in dollars and cents.
b.in terms of a percentage of the item in the previous year.
c.in terms of a percent of a base amount.
d.starting with the highest value down to the lowest value.
Finance
Under which of the following cases may a percentage change be computed?
The trend of the balances is decreasing but all balances are positive.
There is no balance in the base year.
There is a negative balance in the base year and a positive balance in the subsequent year.
There is a positive balance in the base year and a negative balance in the subsequent year.
The trend of the balances is decreasing but all balances are positive.
There is no balance in the base year.
There is a negative balance in the base year and a positive balance in the subsequent year.
There is a positive balance in the base year and a negative balance in the subsequent year.
Finance
A stockholder is interested in the ability of a firm to
pay consistent dividends.
appreciate in share price.
survive over a long period.
all of these.
pay consistent dividends.
appreciate in share price.
survive over a long period.
all of these.
Finance
Which one of the following is primarily interested in the liquidity of a company?
Short-term creditors
Federal government
Long-term creditors
Stockholders
Short-term creditors
Federal government
Long-term creditors
Stockholders
Finance
Under Topic/Chapter of Project appraisal from book of Public Sector Financial Management by Hugh Malcolm Coombs, D. E. Jenkins
Exhibit 9.4
Chilly County Council is considering installing a new central heating system in one of its older offices. As part of its long-term plan this office will be sold in three years’ time on 31/12/X3. The authority believes that installing the central heating system will make the building easier to sell and add £100 000 to the final selling price. Three systems are regarded as feasible and estimated capital costs of each are set out here:
£
Gas 170 000
Oil 150 000
Solid fuel 140 000
Annual fuel costs are dependent on the severity of the winter each year and the rate of increase in fuel price. At the prices expected to be in force during 19X1 the annual fuel costs are estimated at:
Severe Winter ( £ ) Mild Winter ( £ )
Gas 40 000 24 000
Oil 53 000 37 000
Solid fuel 45 000 36 000
The authority estimates that in each year there is a 70% chance of a severe winter and a 30% chance of a mild winter. The chance of a mild or severe winter in any year in considered to be independent of the chance of a mild or severe winter in the previous year.
Fuel prices are expected during 19X2 and 19X3 to increase by either 8% (probability equal to 0.4) or 10% (probability equal to 0.6%). Whichever rate of increase applies in 19X2 will be repeated the following year. Maintenance costs (payable at the end of year) are expected to be:
£
Gas 2 500
Oil 2 000
Solid fuel 10 000 (in 19X2)
Maintenance costs are fixed.
There is no difference in performance between the systems.
The authority uses the monetary cost of capital as its hurdle rate. This rate is currently 12%.
Which system should be purchased by the authority?
The following solution uses expected value to calculate risk, and expresses project costs in monetary terms, permitting discounting using the monetary cost of capital.
Gas heating
Expected value of fuel costs, based upon the probabilities of a mild (0.3) or severe (0.7) winter:
= (0.7 x £40 000) + (0.3 x £24 000)
= £35 200
Annual fuel costs
8% inflation 10% inflation
Year 12% discount factor Cash flow PV Cash flow PV
£ £ £ £
1 0.893 35 200 31 433 35 200 31 433
2 0.797 38 016 30 298 38 720 30 860
3 0.712 41 057 29 234 42 592 30 326
£90 965 £92 619
Expected value of discounted fuel costs, allowing for probabilities of 8% inflation (0.4) and 10% inflation (0.6): (0.4 x £90 965) + (0.6 x £92 619)
£
Expected value 91 960
Capital costs 170 000
Maintenance (£2 000 per annum for 3 years)
= £2 500 x 2.402 6 005
NPV of gas option £-267 965
Oil heating
Expected value of fuel costs, based upon the probabilities of a mild (0.3) or severe (0.7) winter:
= (0.7 x £53 000) + (0.3 x £37 000)
= 48 200
Annual fuel costs
8% inflation 10% inflation
Year 12% discount factor Cash flow PV Cash flow PV
£ £ £ £
1 0.893 48 200 43 043 48 200 43 043
2 0.797 52 056 41 489 53 020 42 257
3 0.712 56 220 40 029 58 322 41 525
£124 561 £126 825
Expected value of discounted fuel costs, allowing for probabilities of 8% inflation (0.4) and 10% inflation (0.6): (0.4 x £124 561) + (0.6 x £126 825).
£
Expected value 125 920
Capital costs 150 000
Maintenance (£2 000 per annum for 3 years)
= £2 000 x 2.402 4 804
NPV of oil option £280 724
Solid fuel heating
Expected value of fuel costs, based upon the probabilities of a mild (0.3) or severe (0.7) winter:
= (0.7 x £45 000) + (0.3 x £36 000)
= £42 300
Annual fuel costs
8% inflation 10% inflation
Year 12% discount factor Cash flow PV Cash flow PV
£ £ £ £
1 0.893 42 300 37 774 42 300 37 774
2 0.797 45 684 36 410 46 530 37 084
3 0.712 49 339 35 129 51 183 36 442
£109 313 £111 300
Expected value of discounted fuel costs, allowing for probabilities of 8% inflation (0.4) and 10% inflation (0.6): (0.4 x £109 313) + (0.6 x £111 300)
£
Expected value 110 505
Capital costs 140 000
Maintenance (£10 000 in 2 years time)
= £10 000 x 0.797 7 970
NPV of solid fuel option £258 475
Based on these calculations, the solid fuel option has the lowest NPV of costs and on financial grounds would appear to be the favoured option. It also requires less capital investment than the other two options, which may be important if there are severe constraints on capital expenditure.
The main limitations on this type of analysis are that the expected value will never occur and we are ignoring the decision maker’s attitude to risk. A possible alternative would be to attempt to redefine the problem in terms of utility but clearly this is difficult ground to read. A decision must be made and therefore we have to take into account uncertainty whatever decision-making technique is used and there is inevitable compromise. The comparison between the three systems must also take into account both financial and so-called non-financial factors. Selections of these are now set out:
1. How reliable are the estimates of cost, the probabilities of fuel price inflation and the chances of a mild or severe winter.
2. Is there a legal obligation to install a new system?
3. While the increase in the selling price has been ignored since it is common to all three systems the question must arise as to the validity of this assumption due to the possible views of potential buyers.
4. There is no mention of storage problems or extra employees to check deliveries of the appropriate systems.
5. Gas may be an environmentally cleaner fuel.
Exhibit 9.4
Chilly County Council is considering installing a new central heating system in one of its older offices. As part of its long-term plan this office will be sold in three years’ time on 31/12/X3. The authority believes that installing the central heating system will make the building easier to sell and add £100 000 to the final selling price. Three systems are regarded as feasible and estimated capital costs of each are set out here:
£
Gas 170 000
Oil 150 000
Solid fuel 140 000
Annual fuel costs are dependent on the severity of the winter each year and the rate of increase in fuel price. At the prices expected to be in force during 19X1 the annual fuel costs are estimated at:
Severe Winter ( £ ) Mild Winter ( £ )
Gas 40 000 24 000
Oil 53 000 37 000
Solid fuel 45 000 36 000
The authority estimates that in each year there is a 70% chance of a severe winter and a 30% chance of a mild winter. The chance of a mild or severe winter in any year in considered to be independent of the chance of a mild or severe winter in the previous year.
Fuel prices are expected during 19X2 and 19X3 to increase by either 8% (probability equal to 0.4) or 10% (probability equal to 0.6%). Whichever rate of increase applies in 19X2 will be repeated the following year. Maintenance costs (payable at the end of year) are expected to be:
£
Gas 2 500
Oil 2 000
Solid fuel 10 000 (in 19X2)
Maintenance costs are fixed.
There is no difference in performance between the systems.
The authority uses the monetary cost of capital as its hurdle rate. This rate is currently 12%.
Which system should be purchased by the authority?
The following solution uses expected value to calculate risk, and expresses project costs in monetary terms, permitting discounting using the monetary cost of capital.
Gas heating
Expected value of fuel costs, based upon the probabilities of a mild (0.3) or severe (0.7) winter:
= (0.7 x £40 000) + (0.3 x £24 000)
= £35 200
Annual fuel costs
8% inflation 10% inflation
Year 12% discount factor Cash flow PV Cash flow PV
£ £ £ £
1 0.893 35 200 31 433 35 200 31 433
2 0.797 38 016 30 298 38 720 30 860
3 0.712 41 057 29 234 42 592 30 326
£90 965 £92 619
Expected value of discounted fuel costs, allowing for probabilities of 8% inflation (0.4) and 10% inflation (0.6): (0.4 x £90 965) + (0.6 x £92 619)
£
Expected value 91 960
Capital costs 170 000
Maintenance (£2 000 per annum for 3 years)
= £2 500 x 2.402 6 005
NPV of gas option £-267 965
Oil heating
Expected value of fuel costs, based upon the probabilities of a mild (0.3) or severe (0.7) winter:
= (0.7 x £53 000) + (0.3 x £37 000)
= 48 200
Annual fuel costs
8% inflation 10% inflation
Year 12% discount factor Cash flow PV Cash flow PV
£ £ £ £
1 0.893 48 200 43 043 48 200 43 043
2 0.797 52 056 41 489 53 020 42 257
3 0.712 56 220 40 029 58 322 41 525
£124 561 £126 825
Expected value of discounted fuel costs, allowing for probabilities of 8% inflation (0.4) and 10% inflation (0.6): (0.4 x £124 561) + (0.6 x £126 825).
£
Expected value 125 920
Capital costs 150 000
Maintenance (£2 000 per annum for 3 years)
= £2 000 x 2.402 4 804
NPV of oil option £280 724
Solid fuel heating
Expected value of fuel costs, based upon the probabilities of a mild (0.3) or severe (0.7) winter:
= (0.7 x £45 000) + (0.3 x £36 000)
= £42 300
Annual fuel costs
8% inflation 10% inflation
Year 12% discount factor Cash flow PV Cash flow PV
£ £ £ £
1 0.893 42 300 37 774 42 300 37 774
2 0.797 45 684 36 410 46 530 37 084
3 0.712 49 339 35 129 51 183 36 442
£109 313 £111 300
Expected value of discounted fuel costs, allowing for probabilities of 8% inflation (0.4) and 10% inflation (0.6): (0.4 x £109 313) + (0.6 x £111 300)
£
Expected value 110 505
Capital costs 140 000
Maintenance (£10 000 in 2 years time)
= £10 000 x 0.797 7 970
NPV of solid fuel option £258 475
Based on these calculations, the solid fuel option has the lowest NPV of costs and on financial grounds would appear to be the favoured option. It also requires less capital investment than the other two options, which may be important if there are severe constraints on capital expenditure.
The main limitations on this type of analysis are that the expected value will never occur and we are ignoring the decision maker’s attitude to risk. A possible alternative would be to attempt to redefine the problem in terms of utility but clearly this is difficult ground to read. A decision must be made and therefore we have to take into account uncertainty whatever decision-making technique is used and there is inevitable compromise. The comparison between the three systems must also take into account both financial and so-called non-financial factors. Selections of these are now set out:
1. How reliable are the estimates of cost, the probabilities of fuel price inflation and the chances of a mild or severe winter.
2. Is there a legal obligation to install a new system?
3. While the increase in the selling price has been ignored since it is common to all three systems the question must arise as to the validity of this assumption due to the possible views of potential buyers.
4. There is no mention of storage problems or extra employees to check deliveries of the appropriate systems.
5. Gas may be an environmentally cleaner fuel.
Finance
Corporations invest in other companies for all of the following reasons except to
A. Generate earnings
B. house excess cash until needed
C. Increase trading of the other companies' stock
D. Meet strategic goals
A. Generate earnings
B. house excess cash until needed
C. Increase trading of the other companies' stock
D. Meet strategic goals
Finance
Following are components of the M1 money supply at the end of
last year. What will be the size of the M1 money supply at the end of
next year if currency grows by 10 percent, demand deposits grow by
5 percent, other checkable deposits grow by 8 percent, and the
amount of traveler’s checks stays the same?
Currency $700 billion
Demand deposits $300 billion
Other checkable deposits $300 billion
Traveler’s checks $10 billion
last year. What will be the size of the M1 money supply at the end of
next year if currency grows by 10 percent, demand deposits grow by
5 percent, other checkable deposits grow by 8 percent, and the
amount of traveler’s checks stays the same?
Currency $700 billion
Demand deposits $300 billion
Other checkable deposits $300 billion
Traveler’s checks $10 billion
Finance
Determine the size of the M1 money supply using the following
information.
Currency plus traveler’s checks $25 million
Negotiable CDs $10 million
Demand deposits $13 million
Other checkable deposits $12 million
information.
Currency plus traveler’s checks $25 million
Negotiable CDs $10 million
Demand deposits $13 million
Other checkable deposits $12 million
Finance
A business is plagued by complaints from employees of back pain. Consultants have estimated upgrading office furniture at a net cost of $450,000 would reduce the incidence the incidence back injuries, allowing the center to avoid medical care that currently costs $68,000 each year. The new furniture is estimated to provide yearly benefits of $18,000. The furniture has useful life of five years,and salvage value equal to 10 percent of its initial cost. The consultants made their estimates of avoided costs assuming they occur at the beginning of each year. In its investment decisions, the center uses a nominal discount rate of 9 percent and an assumed general inflation rate of 3 percent. It expects the inflation rate for medical care to run between 3 and 6 percent, but is uncertain as to the exact rate. In other words, it is uncertain as to whether the costs of medical care will inflate at the same rate as other prices or rise 3 percent faster.Should the center purchase the new furniture?
Finance
Chris is planning for her son's college education to begin five years from today. She estimates the yearly tuition, books, and living expenses to be $5,000 per year for a four-year degree. How much must Chris deposit today, at an interest rate of 8 percent, for her son to be able to withdraw $5,000 per year for four years of college?
A. $11,277
B. $13,620
C. $20,000
D. $39,520
A. $11,277
B. $13,620
C. $20,000
D. $39,520
