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How does species loss affect the extinction risk of the remaining species?


What are the key determinants of the future magnitude of marine and terrestrial carbon sinks?


A chemical dye absorbs light with wavelength 578 nm.

Using a standard solution of concentration 0.7 mM, the absorption is measured

to be 0.3 units. The absorption for a solution of unknown concentration is then

measured and found to be 0.1 units. What is the concentration? Give the answer to

at least 3 significant figures


example of nonsense mutation


Which is not related to nonsense mutation



  1. List the 4 parameters involved in steam sterilization. (2 marks).
  2. What is the difference between “saturated steam” and “super-heated steam”? (3 marks)
  3. How is “dry air” removed from the autoclave in the beginning of the cycle? (2 marks)
  4. State the functions of the following parts of the autoclave: (6 marks)
  • -Safety Valve 1
  • Safety Valve 2
  • VacuumRelease Valve

5. State 4 precautions that need to be taken when autoclaving “liquid media” in a bottle? (4 marks)

6. What is the purpose of using an ”autoclave tape”? (2 marks)

7. How much water should be added to the autoclave before you start the sterilization process? (1 mark)


Explain by means of various examples how chemical atmospheric pollution as well as UVB radiation affect plant anatomy.
Two students have compares the genome wide analysis of expression profiles on the leaves of maize and they found that the leave of maize either do or do not develop kranz anatomy

What are the practical uses of biological classification


Calculate the Orthoquinone formed (µg/ml) at 30 minutes incubation time? Unknown OD 0.076


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