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You have isolated several E. coli mutants: Mutant #1 has a point mutation in the -10 region of the promoter of a structural gene encoding an enzyme needed for synthesis of the amino acid serine. Mutant #2 has a mutation in the -35 region in the promoter of the same gene. Mutant #3 is a double mutant with mutations in both the -10 and -35 region of the promoter of the same gene. Only Mutant #3 is unable to make serine. Why do you think this is so?

Cell division map


Describe how Herophilus discoveries are connected with organ systems?


significance of the structure of fatty acids on the solubility of lipids


1. Why is fungal growth rate slower than bacterial growth rate? (5 marks)


2. List 4 ways in which fungi are useful to humans. (4 marks)


3. List 4 ways in which fungi are harmful to humans. (4 marks)


4. Why is it difficult/takes a long time to treat fungal infections in humans? (3 marks)


5. What are some distinctive features of fungi that can be used for its morphological characterization and identification? (4 marks)



how does the genetic code allows proteins to be synthesised

with minimal errors taking place? Thanks.


Name the causative agent of cholera

 In the first stage of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is

cleaved to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxy-

acetone phosphate. The latter molecule can then be con-

verted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Illustrate the

mechanisms whereby these reactions occur.




Suggest how a mangrove swamp ecosystem can help a country, Explain the situation.

    During glycolysis, 112 molecules of pyruvic acid (PVA) were formed. How many glucose molecules were broken down and how many ATP molecules are formed after complete oxidation of glucose in eukaryotic cells? Explain the answer.



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