Molecular Biology Answers

You have found a molecular substance that accelerates the rate of a particular reaction. What kind of information would you need to demonstrate that this particular substance is an enzyme?

The following is a fragment of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and does not contain the start codon. This gene actually has a mutation at the nucleotide in the 9th fragment (GTC); the wildtype ancestral gene was an A at the T position in the DNA.

1. Transcribe and
2. translate this gene fragment (note: the start codon is NOT included and any codons past a STOP are considered part of the 3’ untranslated region/3’ UTR).
3. Underline the mutation.
4. Identify what type of mutation this is and what it will likely do to the GR protein and to the organism (in terms of its ability to respond to stress).

5’ AGA ATG ACT CTA CCC TGC ATG TAC GTC CAA TGT AAA CAC ATG CTG TAT GTT 3’

How's idiotype different from paratype?

What I understand of these two terms is that:

Paratope is a portion of antibody that recognises and binds to specific antigen.

Idiotype is an antigenic determinant of antibody formed of CDRs that have specificity for a particular epitope. Some authors call the antibodies recognising a particular epitope an idiotype.

Well the CDRs, they actually form the paratope so is it right to say the CDR that acts as an paratope also forms the idiotypic determinant/ idiotype ?

Which book should I read to conceptualise B-cell development?

I want to know what Plasmablast,Plasma cell,Memory B,Follicular (FO) B Cell (also known as a B-2 cell), Marginal zone (MZ) B cell,B-1 cell, B-2 cell and Regulatory B (Breg) cell are and their functions?

I'll be greatly helped if the book has diagrams and describes the process in brief, something like BIOS instant notes.

Kuby Immunology has the following printed in its glossary:
Isotypic determinant is an antigenic determinant within the immunoglobulin constant regions that is characteristic of a species.
I don't understand the last part. Does it mean that the antigenic determinants for a class of antibodies is the same in all members of a species except for minor variations that are represented by allotypic determinants? Does it also mean that an isotype, when introduced from organism 1 to organism 2, will stimulate the production of its corresponding anti-isotype only when Organism 2 belongs to a different species?

(03.01 MC) In a cell that is undergoing mitosis, sister chromatids have aligned along the cell's equator, and spindle fibers have attached to the centromeres of the sister chromatids. Which of the following processes will the cell enter next?

I stumbled upon this paragraph in a book and couldn't make out what it means.

Link for the paragraph:http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/52585/primase-activity-and-leading-strand

Doubts:

(1) What is meant by 'in the direction opposite to that in which the DnaB helicase is moving'? Does it mean that the DnaG will separate from the Helicase to move in opposite direction ( 5'−> 3') and synthesise a short RNA strand?

(2) I don't quite understand what is meant by opposite direction in the second quotation.

P.S. I couldn't couldn't accommodate the paragraph due to word limit so provided an external link.

In which books can I find detail literature on the functions of different enzymes and proteins involved in DNA replication in E.coli ? Provide names of books accessible online, if you please.

Does DNA primase synthesise RNA primer in 3'-> 5' direction?

What are isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes? Are they same as isotypic determinants, allotypic determinants and idiotypic determinants?

P.S. Please explain as simply as possible.