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What shapes can viruses have and what structure determined that shape?


Why do biologists stain cells when they want to observe a nucleus and other organelles in the cell?                                                                                              


A teacher told his students that the human body makes the equivalent of its own mass in ATP everyday. Explain why at the end of the day only a small proportion of the students' mass was ATP.


1. A 44 year old male has 7 days history of fever. Dengue rapid tests were requested with the following results:

                     Dengue NS1 Ag = negative

                      Dengue IgM = positive                                         Dengue IgG = positive 


Discuss the phosphorus cycle.

Also include the various natural sources of phosphorus that are present and how does the cycle basically functions or move from one source to the other.


Define and state one organism responsible for these process: ammonification, 

nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, decomposition


In cases of oil pollution on the coasts and soil, usually nitartes, phosphates, oxygen or 

water is added to the site through pipes. Why are each of theses material added? Why is it 

not always necessary to add bacteria?



Q.1. Why it is said that the function of Glucagon is just opposite or vice versa of Insulin?

Q.2. Delineate the mechanism of Insulin resistant diabetes.

Q.3. Why pancreatic enzyme needs to deliver HCO3- to the duodenum?

Q.4. If a person has arteriosclerosis and he is under the coverage of blood thinner what initiative the doctor needs to take before doing any surgical procedure?

Q.5. Describe how pyrogen contributes to form hyperthermia in human body?

Q.6. Why a diabetic patient feels thirsty always?

Q.7. If any tiny blood vessels rupture in brain and cause hemorrhage, what is the name of the pathological disorder?

Q.8. There is a photo below, where you can see dividing cells near the tip of an onion root under the light microscope, identify a cell in each of the following stages by circling: Metaphase, Anaphase, and Cytokinesis.


A 44 year old male has 7 days history of fever. Dengue rapid tests were requested with the following results: 

Dengue NS1 Ag = negative 

Dengue IgM = positive 

Dengue IgG = positive


Questions:

a. Interpret this result. Explain

b. Can you conclude from the result that the patient has active dengue infection? Can you conclude from the result that the patient does not have dengue at the moment? Explain your answer.

c. What will be your advise to the patient?



A 17 year old female has 4 days history of fever. Dengue NS1 Ag was requested and revealed:

Dengue NS1 Ag = positive


Questions:

a. Can you conclude from the result that the patient has active dengue infection? Can you conclude from the result that the patient does not have dengue at the moment? Explain your answer.

b. What will be your advise to the patient?



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