Human Anatomy and Physiology Answers

the two common mineral stored in bone

If 'O' type blood group has antibodies a and b both, then how can we transfuse it to 'A' type blood group?

Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts?

Constantly high blood sugar leads to glucagon release. Glucagon is an antagonist to insulin, leading to a decrease in insulin.
Constantly high blood sugar leads to the release of glucagon. Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis, which makes blood sugar higher.
Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.
Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High levels of insulin cause up-regulation of insulin receptors.

How does a good metabolism tie to being fat?

How are Thyroid Stimulating Ab destroying thyroid tissues?
I was reading Graves' disease which is an autoimmune disorder. I read few books that includes Endocrinology by Hadley and Levine and websites where they mention that antibodies named TSAb (Thyroid stimulating Antibodies) bind to TSH receptors and stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland. This results into the symptoms of Exopthalmic goitre or graves' disease.
Now my question is how are these antibodies actually attacking the healthy tissues(which I presume is the tissue of thyroid gland)?
I've so far found no website explaining this part of the autoimmune disorder. I'd appreciate any information or references in this regard.

Ligament, the conventional definition says that it is a fibrous connective tissue that connects a bone with another bone but ovarian ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects ovaries to the uterus. Is it an exception or ligament is used in a different way in modern day science?

Thank you.

Could you tell me if adrenaline and noradrenaline have differences in function.I'm having a book that says that epinephrine and norepinephrine do have some major differences in function (like epinephrine increases systolic pressure while norepinephrine increases both systolic and diastolic pressures) but other sources suggest that they do not. This has lead to some confusion and I'm looking for some authentic sources.It will be kind if you shared your opinion on this part.

Is Thyroxine a hormone?

I have read the phrase 'T3 is three to four times more potent than T4' several times both in books and websites. But isn't T4 a prohormone of T3? Why do then these sources talk about its potency as a hormone(I suppose)?

What is the function of reverse triiodothyronine?

During a period of exercise the oxygen demand increased. it was necessary for the blood to deliver 10cm³ of oxygen per minute per 100g of respiring skeletal muscle.
-oxygenated blood carries 20cm³of oxygen per 100cm³ of blood
-80% of the Cardiac output is directed at skeletal muscles when exercising
-skeletal muscles account for 50%of lean body mass
a.Calculate the volume of blood required to deliver sufficient oxygen to the muscles of a person weighing 108kg during exercise?
b.What is the required cardiac output to supply oxygen at this rate?
c.If the person had a heart rate of 193 bpm during exercise what would their stroke volume have been?

Many thanks