Cell Biology Answers

a) Describe an example that benefited from the principle of event of insertion of nucleotides.

b) In an organism X, it is found that gene A encodes more codons for amino acids arginine and leucine compared to gene B. If both genes in organism X experience DNA mutation:

i). What kind of mutation that will have the most unseen effect on the organism A?

ii). Which gene will be most likely to experience more of the mentioned mutation in 5c(i)? Explain.

Which portion of the host cell makes it susceptible to a viral attack?

Fill in the missing word:

3) The ________ structure of a protein refers to the conformation, or overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide that has been folded into a functional protein

3) What is the name of an unbranched chain of β-glucose subunits which is the primary structural fibre in plant cell walls.

2.3) Describe initiation, elongation and termination of translation.

1.6) State the functions of each of the three phases of the Calvin cycle.

1.6) The light phase of photosynthesis involves the activation of PS I and PS II. Describe the composition of these photosystems and the mechanisms in place used to trap light energy.

1.6) Write a balanced equation showing the conversion of glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water:

(a) Indicate in your equation which molecule becomes reduced?  

(b) Indicate in your equation which molecule becomes oxidized?

(c) What happens to the energy that is released in this redox reaction?

(d) Name the oxidizing agent.

1.6) Discuss Mitchell’s chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP generation in mitochondria (discuss the roles of the electron transport chain, proton gradient and ATP synthase complex).

1.6) Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.